nltk.parse.transitionparser module

class nltk.parse.transitionparser.Configuration

Bases: object

Class for holding configuration which is the partial analysis of the input sentence. The transition based parser aims at finding set of operators that transfer the initial configuration to the terminal configuration.

The configuration includes:

• Stack: for storing partially proceeded words

• Buffer: for storing remaining input words

• Set of arcs: for storing partially built dependency tree

This class also provides a method to represent a configuration as list of features.

__init__(dep_graph)

Parameters:

dep_graph (DependencyGraph where the dependencies are not specified.) – the representation of an input in the form of dependency graph.

extract_features()

Extract the set of features for the current configuration. Implement standard features as describe in Table 3.2 (page 31) in Dependency Parsing book by Sandra Kubler, Ryan McDonal, Joakim Nivre. Please note that these features are very basic. :return: list(str)

class nltk.parse.transitionparser.Transition

Bases: object

This class defines a set of transition which is applied to a configuration to get another configuration Note that for different parsing algorithm, the transition is different.

LEFT_ARC = 'LEFTARC'

REDUCE = 'REDUCE'

RIGHT_ARC = 'RIGHTARC'

SHIFT = 'SHIFT'

__init__(alg_option)

Parameters:

alg_option (str) – the algorithm option of this parser. Currently support arc-standard and arc-eager algorithm

left_arc(conf, relation)

Note that the algorithm for left-arc is quite similar except for precondition for both arc-standard and arc-eager

Parameters:

configuration – is the current configuration

Returns:

A new configuration or -1 if the pre-condition is not satisfied

reduce(conf)

Note that the algorithm for reduce is only available for arc-eager

Parameters:

configuration – is the current configuration

Returns:

A new configuration or -1 if the pre-condition is not satisfied

right_arc(conf, relation)

Note that the algorithm for right-arc is DIFFERENT for arc-standard and arc-eager

Parameters:

configuration – is the current configuration

Returns:

A new configuration or -1 if the pre-condition is not satisfied

shift(conf)

Note that the algorithm for shift is the SAME for arc-standard and arc-eager

Parameters:

configuration – is the current configuration

Returns:

A new configuration or -1 if the pre-condition is not satisfied

class nltk.parse.transitionparser.TransitionParser

Bases: ParserI

Class for transition based parser. Implement 2 algorithms which are “arc-standard” and “arc-eager”

ARC_EAGER = 'arc-eager'

ARC_STANDARD = 'arc-standard'

__init__(algorithm)

Parameters:

algorithm (str) – the algorithm option of this parser. Currently support arc-standard and arc-eager algorithm

parse(depgraphs, modelFile)

Parameters:

• depgraphs (list(DependencyGraph)) – the list of test sentence, each sentence is represented as a dependency graph where the ‘head’ information is dummy

• modelfile (str) – the model file

Returns:

list (DependencyGraph) with the ‘head’ and ‘rel’ information

train(depgraphs, modelfile, verbose=True)

:param depgraphs : list of DependencyGraph as the training data :type depgraphs : DependencyGraph :param modelfile : file name to save the trained model :type modelfile : str

nltk.parse.transitionparser.demo()

>>> from nltk.parse import DependencyGraph, DependencyEvaluator
>>> from nltk.parse.transitionparser import TransitionParser, Configuration, Transition
>>> gold_sent = DependencyGraph("""
... Economic  JJ     2      ATT
... news  NN     3       SBJ
... has       VBD       0       ROOT
... little      JJ      5       ATT
... effect   NN     3       OBJ
... on     IN      5       ATT
... financial       JJ       8       ATT
... markets    NNS      6       PC
... .    .      3       PU
... """)

>>> conf = Configuration(gold_sent)

###################### Check the Initial Feature ########################

>>> print(', '.join(conf.extract_features()))
STK_0_POS_TOP, BUF_0_FORM_Economic, BUF_0_LEMMA_Economic, BUF_0_POS_JJ, BUF_1_FORM_news, BUF_1_POS_NN, BUF_2_POS_VBD, BUF_3_POS_JJ

###################### Check The Transition ####################### Check the Initialized Configuration >>> print(conf) Stack : [0] Buffer : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Arcs : []

1. Do some transition checks for ARC-STANDARD

>>> operation = Transition('arc-standard')
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf, "ATT")
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf,"SBJ")
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf, "ATT")
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf, "ATT")

Middle Configuration and Features Check >>> print(conf) Stack : [0, 3, 5, 6] Buffer : [8, 9] Arcs : [(2, ‘ATT’, 1), (3, ‘SBJ’, 2), (5, ‘ATT’, 4), (8, ‘ATT’, 7)]

>>> print(', '.join(conf.extract_features()))
STK_0_FORM_on, STK_0_LEMMA_on, STK_0_POS_IN, STK_1_POS_NN, BUF_0_FORM_markets, BUF_0_LEMMA_markets, BUF_0_POS_NNS, BUF_1_FORM_., BUF_1_POS_., BUF_0_LDEP_ATT

>>> operation.right_arc(conf, "PC")
>>> operation.right_arc(conf, "ATT")
>>> operation.right_arc(conf, "OBJ")
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.right_arc(conf, "PU")
>>> operation.right_arc(conf, "ROOT")
>>> operation.shift(conf)

Terminated Configuration Check >>> print(conf) Stack : [0] Buffer : [] Arcs : [(2, ‘ATT’, 1), (3, ‘SBJ’, 2), (5, ‘ATT’, 4), (8, ‘ATT’, 7), (6, ‘PC’, 8), (5, ‘ATT’, 6), (3, ‘OBJ’, 5), (3, ‘PU’, 9), (0, ‘ROOT’, 3)]

2. Do some transition checks for ARC-EAGER

>>> conf = Configuration(gold_sent)
>>> operation = Transition('arc-eager')
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf,'ATT')
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf,'SBJ')
>>> operation.right_arc(conf,'ROOT')
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf,'ATT')
>>> operation.right_arc(conf,'OBJ')
>>> operation.right_arc(conf,'ATT')
>>> operation.shift(conf)
>>> operation.left_arc(conf,'ATT')
>>> operation.right_arc(conf,'PC')
>>> operation.reduce(conf)
>>> operation.reduce(conf)
>>> operation.reduce(conf)
>>> operation.right_arc(conf,'PU')
>>> print(conf)
Stack : [0, 3, 9]  Buffer : []   Arcs : [(2, 'ATT', 1), (3, 'SBJ', 2), (0, 'ROOT', 3), (5, 'ATT', 4), (3, 'OBJ', 5), (5, 'ATT', 6), (8, 'ATT', 7), (6, 'PC', 8), (3, 'PU', 9)]

###################### Check The Training Function #######################

A. Check the ARC-STANDARD training >>> import tempfile >>> import os >>> input_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix=’transition_parse.train’, dir=tempfile.gettempdir(), delete=False)

>>> parser_std = TransitionParser('arc-standard')
>>> print(', '.join(parser_std._create_training_examples_arc_std([gold_sent], input_file)))
 Number of training examples : 1
 Number of valid (projective) examples : 1
SHIFT, LEFTARC:ATT, SHIFT, LEFTARC:SBJ, SHIFT, SHIFT, LEFTARC:ATT, SHIFT, SHIFT, SHIFT, LEFTARC:ATT, RIGHTARC:PC, RIGHTARC:ATT, RIGHTARC:OBJ, SHIFT, RIGHTARC:PU, RIGHTARC:ROOT, SHIFT

>>> parser_std.train([gold_sent],'temp.arcstd.model', verbose=False)
 Number of training examples : 1
 Number of valid (projective) examples : 1
>>> input_file.close()
>>> remove(input_file.name)

2. Check the ARC-EAGER training

>>> input_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix='transition_parse.train', dir=tempfile.gettempdir(),delete=False)
>>> parser_eager = TransitionParser('arc-eager')
>>> print(', '.join(parser_eager._create_training_examples_arc_eager([gold_sent], input_file)))
 Number of training examples : 1
 Number of valid (projective) examples : 1
SHIFT, LEFTARC:ATT, SHIFT, LEFTARC:SBJ, RIGHTARC:ROOT, SHIFT, LEFTARC:ATT, RIGHTARC:OBJ, RIGHTARC:ATT, SHIFT, LEFTARC:ATT, RIGHTARC:PC, REDUCE, REDUCE, REDUCE, RIGHTARC:PU

>>> parser_eager.train([gold_sent],'temp.arceager.model', verbose=False)
 Number of training examples : 1
 Number of valid (projective) examples : 1

>>> input_file.close()
>>> remove(input_file.name)

###################### Check The Parsing Function ########################

1. Check the ARC-STANDARD parser

>>> result = parser_std.parse([gold_sent], 'temp.arcstd.model')
>>> de = DependencyEvaluator(result, [gold_sent])
>>> de.eval() >= (0, 0)
True

B. Check the ARC-EAGER parser >>> result = parser_eager.parse([gold_sent], ‘temp.arceager.model’) >>> de = DependencyEvaluator(result, [gold_sent]) >>> de.eval() >= (0, 0) True

Remove test temporary files >>> remove(‘temp.arceager.model’) >>> remove(‘temp.arcstd.model’)

Note that result is very poor because of only one training example.